Maarso 1969, 64 xisbi ayaa ka qaybgalay doorashadii Soomaaliya. Oktoobar, hoggaan milatari ayaa beddelay madaxdeedii la doortay. Doodda lagu difaacayo Kacaankii Oktoobar waxay ka bilaabataa wixii u dhexeeyay labadaas dhacdo iyo wixii xigay: baarlamaan ay wiiqeen wareegidda xildhibaannada iyo eexdu, xukuumad go'aamisay arrintii farta, ballaarisay waxbarashada, kuna baaqday midnimo qaran, iyo jabhado hubaysan oo markii dambe xukunka riday, dalka dagaal sokeeye geliyay (Lewis, 2002; Metz, 1993; World Bank, 1977).

Doorashadu waxay muujisay tabardarradii baarlamaankii hore. Ururka SYL wuxuu helay 73 ka mid ah 123 kursi. Xildhibaanno kale oo u wareegay ayaa tiradiisa gaarsiiyay 109, halka isbahaysigiisu qabsaday 120 kursi. Maxkamadda Sare waxay diidday inay qaaddo dacwadihii doorashada; eedaymaha eexda iyo ku-tagrifalka xilku way bateen (Lewis, 2002; Metz, 1993). Lewis (1972), oo wax ka qoray xilligaas, wuxuu falanqeeyay sida baarlamaanku kalsoonida u lumiyay. Xisbiyada badnaa waxay muujinayeen tartan; wareegidda xildhibaannada iyo dacwadaha aan xal helin waxay muujinayeen xadka tartankaas.

Madaxweyne Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke ayaa la dilay Oktoobar. Saraakiil ayaa 21 Oktoobar talada la wareegay, dastuurkii hakiyay, baarlamaankiina kala diray. Qoraal sirdoon oo Maraykan ah oo isla maalintaas la qoray wuxuu diiwaangeliyay eedayntoodii musuqmaasuq baahsan (U.S. Department of State, 1969). Hoggaanka cusub waxaa horyaalay inuu eexdii baarlamaanka ku beddelo hay'ado midnimada qaran u roga hawl dadweyne.

Xaashidii Koowaad ee Kacaanku waxay ku baaqday midnimada ummadda Soomaaliyeed iyo in eexda qabiilka laga saaro hawlaha dawladda (Somali Democratic Republic, 1969). Baaqaasi wuxuu ku tiirsanaa walaaltinnimo hore ugu noolayd afka, suugaanta, qoysaska iyo xidhiidhka bulshooyinka. Midnimo ay Soomaalidu oo dhan wada leedahay, dhammaantoodna wada dhisaan, waxay u baahnayd in xidhiidhkaasi ka muuqdo adeegga dadweynaha. Far Soomaali oo qaran ayaa ahayd waddo fikraddaas loogu gudbin karo dugsiyada iyo xafiisyada.

Aqoonyahannada Soomaalidu waxay tobannaan sano ka doodayeen sidii afkooda loo qori lahaa. Farta Carabiga iyo faro kale ayaa taageerayaal lahaa; shaqo aqooneed badan ayaa ka horraysay kacaanka (Aidid, 2026). Xukuumaddu waxay go'aanka ku xidhay awoodda dawladda. Guddiga Afka Qaranka ayaa diyaariyay buugaag, naxwe iyo qaamuus. Oktoobar 1972 waxaa la qaatay far Laatiin ku salaysan; Janaayo 1973 afka Soomaaligu wuxuu maamulka ka beddelay Ingiriisiga iyo Talyaaniga (World Bank, 1977).

Isbeddelku wuxuu dhaafay waraaqaha xafiisyada. Muwaadiniintu waxay hay'adaha kula macaamili kareen afkooda, macallimiintu waxay heleen far ay wax ku baraan, qorayaashuna akhristayaal gudaha ah oo badan. Aqoonyahannada, barayaasha iyo dadka miyigu waxay ku biiriyeen aqoon ka dhigtay siyaasadda mid la adeegsan karo (Aidid, 2026). Maarso 1973, xukuumaddu waxay magaalooyinka ka bilowday olole akhris-qoris. Macallimiin, arday iyo shaqaale dawladeed ayaa farta gaarsiiyay meelo ka baxsan fasalladii jiray; Bangiga Adduunka ayaa diiwaangeliyay abaabulka shaqaalaha iyo hay'adaha (World Bank, 1977).

Barnaamijku wuxuu sidoo kale yeeshay dhinac diblomaasiyadeed. Juun 1974, Muqdisho waxay martigelisay Golaha Wasiirrada Ururka Midowga Afrika. Go'aannadii shirku waxay ka hadleen iskaashiga Afrika iyo Carabta, taageerada Guinea-Bissau, abaaraha iyo madaxbannaanida Jabuuti (Organization of African Unity, 1974). Go'aannada waxaa si wadajir ah u gaaray dalalkii xubnaha ahaa. Soomaaliya waxay siisay goob ay ku wada xaajoodaan, taas oo muujinaysay kaalinteeda diblomaasiyadeed.

Agoosto 1974, ololihii akhris-qoristu wuxuu gaaray miyiga. Bangiga Adduunka (World Bank, 1977) wuxuu sheegay qiyaasta xukuumadda ee ahayd in in ka badan hal milyan oo qof ay Soomaali ku barteen akhris iyo qoris bilowgii 1975. Qiyaastaasi waxay ahayd mid rasmi ah oo aan si madax bannaan loo xaqiijin; warbixintu waxay sidoo kale diiwaangelisay shaqaalihii iyo hay'adihii la hawlgeliyay. Lewis (1982), oo xukuumadda dhaliili jiray, wuxuu farta iyo ololaha ku tilmaamay guusheeda ugu weyn. Fartii cusub waxay isu beddeshay hawl waxbarasho oo qaran.

Abaar ayaa 1974 tijaabisay awooddaas. Xukuumaddu waxay adeegsatay abaabul miyi oo horay ugu jiray akhris-qorista iyo caafimaadka dadka iyo xoolaha, xilli ay noloshii xoolo-dhaqatadu culays saarnaa. Lewis (1982), oo Soomaaliya arkay xilligii abaarta, wuxuu ammaanay jawaabtii gurmadka. Gurmadku wuxuu u baahnaa gaadiid, shaqaale iyo isku xidh hawleed oo baarlamaankii hore ku adkaan jiray.

Kacaanku wuxuu sidoo kale saameeyay xeerka qoyska. Xeerkii Janaayo 1975 wuxuu haweenka u dejiyay xuquuq ballaaran oo ku saabsan hantida, dhaxalka iyo furriinka (Somali Democratic Republic, 1975). Dib-u-eegis Canadian ah ayaa faahfaahisay qodobadiisa; Samatar (1988) wuxuu aqoonsaday horumarka akhris-qorista iyo kaalinta haweenka (Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, 1994). Isbeddelka guryuhu waqti ayuu qaadan karay. Xeerku wuxuu haweenka iyo dadka u dooda siiyay halbeeg sharci oo ay ku dacwoodaan.

Dugsiyada ayaa muujiyay baaxad kale oo isbeddelka ah. Tirada ardayda dugsiyada hoose waxay ka korodhay 96,900 sannadkii 1973 ilaa 219,500 sannadkii 1975, sida uu qoray Bangiga Adduunka (World Bank, 1977). Warbixintu waxay sidoo kale ka warrantay dhismaha dugsiyada iyo shaqaalaynta macallimiinta. Tirada ardaydu waxay cabbirtaa helitaanka waxbarasho, iyadoo aanay keligeed cabbirin tayada cashar kasta. Kororku wuxuu muujinayaa in carruur badan ay dugsiyo gaareen.

Oktoobar 1977, masuuliyadda caalamiga ahi waxay noqotay mid degdeg ah. Afar afduubayaal Falastiiniyiin ah ayaa qabsaday Lufthansa Flight 181, Landshut, iyagoo dalbanayay sii daynta madax ka tirsanaa Red Army Faction ee Galbeedka Jarmalka oo xidhnaa. Waxay dileen duuliyihii, kadibna waxay degeen Muqdisho. Wasiirkii Jarmalka Hans-Jürgen Wischnewski ayaa la xaajooday madaxda Soomaaliyeed, kuwaas oo oggolaaday in cutubka GSG 9 uu diyaaradda galo. La haystayaashii haray ayaa la badbaadiyay 18 Oktoobar (German Historical Institute, n.d.-a, n.d.-b). Soomaaliya waxay ciidanka samatabbixinta u oggolaatay inay dhulkeeda ka hawlgalaan si rayidka loo badbaadiyo. Diiwaannada Jarmalku waxay xaqiijiyaan samatabbixinta; ma xaqiijiyaan sheegashada ah in la haystayaashu ahaayeen muwaadiniin Israa'iiliyiin ah.

Colaadda gobolka ayaa markaas Soomaaliya keentay qaxooti tiro badan. UNHCR (1980) waxay tilmaantay wada-shaqaynta dhow ee Guddiga Qaxootiga Soomaaliyeed iyo Bisha Cas ee Soomaaliyeed. Warbixin dambe waxay sheegtay in hawlgal Qaramada Midoobay iyo xukuumadda Soomaaliya ay 700,000 oo ka-faa'iidaystayaal xeryo ah u adeegsadeen tiro qorshayn, guddiga qarankuna isku dubbariday gargaarka (UNHCR, 1982). Tiradaasi waxay ahayd qorsheyn adeeg, ee ma ahayn tirakoob la xaqiijiyay. Quudinta iyo hoyga dadka yimid waxay u baahnaayeen wada xaajood caalami ah iyo shaqada maalinlaha ah ee hay'adaha.

Dhanka kale, jabhado hubaysan ayaa samaysmay. Somali Democratic Action Front, SODAF, waxaa xigay Somali Salvation Front, oo diiwaanno qaar ugu yeeraan SOSAF ama SSF. Isbahaysi dhacay 1981 ayaa dhaliyay Somali Salvation Democratic Front, SSDF (Nelson, 1982). Daraasaddaasi waxay SSF ku xirtay qaraxyo iyo isku dayo kharbudaad. Magacyadu waxay tilmaamayaan ururro is xigay; caddaynta jirta lagama soo saari karo tiro rayid oo gooni loogu nisbeeyo magac kasta.

Sannadkii 1982, ciidamo Itoobiyaan ah iyo dagaalyahanno SSDF ah ayaa galay Soomaaliya, waxayna qabsadeen Balanbale iyo Galdogob (Metz, 1993). Isbahaysiga ciidan shisheeye lala galay wuxuu saameeyay bulshooyinka xadka. Ingiriis (2016) wuxuu SSDF ku eedeeyay dilal rayid ah oo ka dhacay agagaarka Balanbale, Gaalkacyo iyo Galdogob bilowgii 1980-meeyadii, iyo Tuulo Eelaay dabayaaqadii tobankaas sano. Ilaha la heli karo ma xaqiijiyaan tiro dhibbaneyaal oo lagu kalsoonaan karo ama cidda geysatay dil kasta oo hawlgal wadajir ah. Dib-u-eegis Canadian ah waxay kaloo xustay eedaymo dilal gudaha SSDF ka dhacay (Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, 1990). Duullaanka la diiwaangeliyay iyo eedaymaha dhaawaca rayidka waxay u baahan yihiin in la baaro dhaqanka jabhadda.

Soomaaliya iyo Itoobiya waxay 1988 ku heshiiyeen caadiyaynta xiriirka iyo soo-celinta maxaabiista, dagaalkii 1977–78 kadib. ICRC (1988) waxay diiwaangelisay 20 duulimaad oo Muqdisho iyo Dire Dawa u kala gooshay intii u dhexaysay 23 Agoosto iyo 1 Sebtembar. Waxaa lagu celiyay 3,543 Itoobiyaan ah oo maxaabiis iyo dad la hayay isugu jira, hal maxbuus oo Cuban ah, iyo 246 maxbuus oo Soomaali ah. Shirkii Afrika, badbaadintii la haystayaasha, daryeelkii qaxootiga iyo isdhaafsiga maxaabiistu waxay muujinayaan xukuumad awood u lahayd wada xaajood, gargaar iyo soo-celin.

Somali National Movement, SNM, waxay dagaalkeeda ku sheegtay halgan xorayn. Warbixinnada ku saabsan dhaqankeeda rayidka aan taageersanayn ayaa su'aalo ka keenaya sheegashadaas. Dib-u-eegis Canadian ah oo soo ururisay warbixino xilligaa jiray waxay xustay eedaymo ah in dagaalyahanno SNM ahi dileen dad beelo kale ka tirsan oo looga shakiyay mucaaradnimo (Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, 1990). Warbixin Maraykan ah oo 1991 ka hadlaysa waxay sheegtay in ciidamo SNM ahi weerareen oo bililiqaysteen Boorama, tuulooyin Sanaag ahna ku duuleen; qax ayaa ka dhacay xadka Itoobiya, iyadoo qaar ka mid ah tirooyinka dhimashada aan la xaqiijin (U.S. Department of State, 1992). Warbixin NGO ah waxay xustay dhimasho, burbur iyo barakac, iyadoo baaxadda iyo masuuliyadda faahfaahinta qaar aan weli caddayn (Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, 1992). Hubanti-la'aantaas iyo weerarrada la sheegay labaduba waxay ka tirsan yihiin diiwaanka.

Janaayo 1991, United Somali Congress, USC, waxay Maxamed Siyaad Barre xukunka ka saartay Muqdisho. Dhaqankeeda guusha kadib ayaa tijaabiyay sheegashadeeda xorayn. Warbixin Maraykan ah oo xilligaas dhow waxay soo bandhigtay xog lagu kalsoon yahay oo ku saabsan weerarro lagu qaaday dad Daarood ah oo aan iska caabbin ee caasimadda degganaa, iyo dil, dhac iyo kufsi dagaalyahanno USC ahi ka geysteen Baraawe. Waxay kaloo sheegtay rabshado Gaalkacyo ka dhacay, iyadoo ka digtay in dhinacyo dano leh ay buunbuunsan karaan tirooyinka dhimashada (U.S. Department of State, 1992). Taxaddarka tiradu wuxuu weli banneeyaa baahida ah in weerarradaas laga jawaabo.

Xukun qaran oo shaqeeya kama dhalan ridistii dawladda. Garabyadii USC waxay ku dagaallameen Muqdisho, madaafiicna ku garaaceen xaafadaha dadka. Iyagoo adeegsanaya diiwaannada isbitaallada iyo wareysiyo, Africa Watch iyo Physicians for Human Rights (1992) waxay qiyaaseen in 14,000 qof ku dhinteen, 27,000 kalena ku dhaawacmeen caasimadda intii u dhexaysay 17 Noofambar 1991 iyo 29 Febraayo 1992. Tirooyinkaas waa qiyaaso baaritaan. Africa Watch (1993) waxay diiwaangelisay weerarro dheeraad ah oo ciidamadii Maxamed Faarax Caydiid ku qaadeen rayid lala xiriiriyay mucaaradkiisa; Amnesty International (1992) waxay soo bandhigtay marag sheegaya dilal, jirdil iyo tacaddiyo galmo oo Gedo ka dhacay. Kapteijns (2012) waxay falanqaysay barakicintii qasabka ahayd ee dagaalladii maleeshiyaadka ee 1991.

Dagaalku wuxuu sidoo kale burburiyay ilihii nolosha. Africa Watch (1993) waxay sheegtay in dagaalyahanno ay dhaceen cunto kaydsan, laayeen xoolo, burburiyeen ceelal, kana hor istaageen dadka gargaarka. Abaartu waxay sii xumaysay xaaladda. Burburka beeraha, ganacsiga iyo gaadiidku wuxuu yaraantii cuntada u beddelay macaluul. Eexdii baarlamaankii hore waxay wiiqday maamulka; jabhadihii ballanqaaday badbaadinta ayaa rayidka saaray culayska dagaalkooda.

Difaaca Kacaankii 21 Oktoobar wuxuu ku xoog badan yahay natiijooyinkaas. Xukuumaddu waxay afka Soomaaliga gelisay maamulka, abaabushay olole akhris-qoris oo ballaaran, dugsiyada gaarsiisay carruur badan, haweenkana u dejisay xuquuq sharci ah; waxay sidoo kale la shaqaysay dalal iyo hay'ado gargaar (Aidid, 2026; Somali Democratic Republic, 1975; World Bank, 1977). Aqoonyahanno, macallimiin, shaqaale iyo bulshooyin ayaa siyaasadahaas hirgeliyay. Jabhado ku dhisnaa taageero beeleed ayaa markii dambe riday hoggaankii ka hor yimid kooxaysigii baarlamaanka (Lewis, 2002; Metz, 1993; Nelson, 1982). Sheegashooyinka jabhadaha waa in lagu miisaamaa dhibaatadii rayidka ee xigtay. Taariikhda dalka waxaa ku jira hay'adihii ay Soomaalidu wada dhiseen iyo nolosha dadweyne ee dagaalkii sokeeye burburiyay.

Tixraacyo

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